civil evolution
Characteristics of building materials – civil learner This post focuses on the classifications and the technical standards of building materials; it summarizes the characteristics of building materials and their status in construction engineering briefly, and also introduces the development of building materials. Definitions and Classifications of Building Materials: In the general environment for humans’ survival,…
18 Types of Dressing of stones | Masonry finish dressed stones- In this post, we will discuss different types of Dressing of stones after Quarrying of stones from the rocks it is necessary to give proper size and shape to the stone to serve there purposes in construction. There are 18 Types of Dressing of stones…
HYDRATION OF CEMENT The chemical reaction between cement and water is called hydration or cement hydration. When water is added to cement, the ingredients of cement react chemically with water and forms various complicated chemical compounds. The setting and hardening of cement is due to hydration and hydrolysis of its constituents. For Better understanding watch…
Manufacturing of Portland cement Following are the important operations involved in manufacturing of cement: 1) Mixing of raw materials 2) Burning 3) Grinding 4) Packing of cement Flow chart for manufacturing of cement Table Of Contents Mixing of raw materials: The processes used for the…
Composition of cement: The two basic ingredients of cement are argillaceous and calcareous. The composition of ordinary cement and ingredients are as follows: Ingredients Normal range in % Typical Composition % 1)Lime (Cao) 60-70% 62 2)Silica (SiO2) 17-25%…
Classification of cement INTRODUCTION: Cement is broadly described as a material having an adhesive and cohesive property with the capacity to bond the material like stone, bricks, building blocks, etc. Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. Cements are inorganic material that shows the cementing…
PRESERVATION OF TIMBER Timber has to be preserved from moisture, dry rot or internal decay and from the attacks ofinsects. Paint on seasoned timber preserves it from moisture and extends its life indefinitely ifrenewed periodically. Many processes has been adopted for protecting the timber from dry rot andinsects by impregnating it with chemical substances. Tarring,…
STORAGE OF TIMBER The converted timbers should be properly stored. For the purpose of storage, suitable stacks of timber pieces are formed. The timber pieces are arranged in layers and the layers are separated by wooden spacers. The stock is protected from direct sun, dry wind and rain. The image explains more than the words…
CONVERSION OF TIMBER The cutting up of timber to form planks, battens, etc. of required sizes by saw is called conversion. Power machines are employed in several stages when working on a large scale. During conversion the allowance should be made for shrinkage, squaring and planning. It is about 3 mm to 6 mm. The…
SEASONING OF TIMBER When a tree is newly felled, it contains about 50 percent or more of its own dry weight as water. This water is in the form of sap and moisture. The water is to be removed before the timber can be used for any engineering purpose. The timber is to be dried….